JERUSALEM (JTA) – Haredi Orthodox Jews agree with their non-Orthodox brethren on one thing: The future of the Jewish people is at stake in the debate raging over who controls the Western Wall and conversion in Israel.
Other than that, though, there is little common ground.
According to Nachum Eisenstein, the chief rabbi of eastern Jerusalem’s haredi Maalot Dafna neighborhood, Reform and Conservative Judaism threaten to undermine the survival of the Jewish people.
“The reason why Judaism is the only religion that survived throughout thousands of years and all the massacres and all the attempts to destroy it is that the ours is the only religion that has always been the same, the way it was given to us on Mount Sinai,” Einstein said in an interview. “Who gave you, the Conservative and the Reform, the authority to make up a new religion?”
The government’s suspension last week of a deal that would have expanded a non-Orthodox prayer area has sparked a crisis in Israel-Diaspora relations that some are calling unprecedented. Major U.S. Jewish groups, led by the Reform and Conservative movements, rushed to Israel to complain that the government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had caved in to haredi Orthodox interests and insulted the Jewish majority that does not subscribe to Orthodoxy.
They also railed against a government-backed bill passed the same day, and since shelved, to grant Israel’s haredi-dominated Chief Rabbinate a monopoly over all conversions performed in the country.
But like much of his haredi community, Einstein welcomed the Western Wall decision as a victory over non-Orthodox Jewish meddling. And he said the subsequent tabling of the conversion bill was a setback in the same battle.
Interior Minister Aryeh Deri, speaking last week to lawmakers from his Sephardic Orthodox Shas party, explained his camp’s resistance to non-Orthodox Judaism as a question of preservation.
“We have nothing against Jews in any place they may be. They are all our brothers,” he said. “Our fight is against the approach, this ideology which is attempting to bring a new Judaism here, is trying to destroy everything that we built here over the years.”
Haredi leaders often warn against the pernicious influence of non-Orthodox Judaism in Israel and disparage “Reformim,” as they call its adherents in Hebrew. Although as few as 5 percent of Israelis subscribe to Reform or Conservative Judaism, according to Pew, about half of Jewish Americans identify with one or the other.
Under pressure from the haredi political parties in the governing coalition, Israel last Sunday essentially withdrew its support for the Western Wall deal. Non-Orthodox Jewish leaders reacted with outrage.
“We love the State of Israel and will continue to do. But we will not sit idly by while the State of Israel delegitimizes us and frankly says to the Jews of North America and the Jewish of the world, ‘You do not matter,” Rabbi Rick Jacobs, the head of the North American Reform movement, said June 26 at the Knesset.
The Jewish Agency, which brokered the Western Wall deal on behalf of the Israeli government, took an unprecedented public stance against its reversal, and major Jewish groups warned of an erosion of support for the Jewish state. One prominent American Jewish philanthropist briefly threatened to suspend his donations to Israel.
But Eisenstein, who immigrated to Israel from Chicago decades ago, doubts the sincerity of the protestations, saying they were about politics, not religion. He said Reform and Conservative leaders do not represent their constituents, who generally “don’t pray,” and anyway prefer to be part of Orthodox prayer when they visit Israel.
“Just a few leaders, carrying big salaries, want to use the Kotel to get recognition. It’s a joke to say their people want a place to pray,” he said. “Who are their people? They’re people who pay their membership fee to the Conservative or Reform temple, and they come once a year for the High Holidays, or maybe to make a bat mitzvah for one of their children.
“They go to a nightclub to mix [genders] and find women [who] dress inappropriately. When they come to the Kotel, the people want to come and visit a holy place.”
As far as concerns about a loss of American Jewish backing for Israel, Eisenstein said, “Anyone who threatens to withdraw his support from Israel doesn’t really love the state anyway.”
In contrast to non-Orthodox leaders, Eisenstein said, Israel’s chief rabbis and haredi politicians had acted in accordance with deep-seated sentiment in his community by rejecting the Western Wall agreement. He said Western Wall Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz had made a mistake by initially backing the agreement, as had any haredi politicians who may have consented to it.
“We did not agree to any compromise. Anyone who agreed to compromise, you have to speak to him. Who gave him the authority to do that?” Einstein said. “Every Orthodox Jew feels that we were left this Wailing Wall, which is the only remnant that we have from the holy Temple, and every Orthodox Jew feels it’s his responsibly to make sure the holiness of the wall is observed.”
Non-Orthodox Jews have visited the pluralistic prayer space at the southern end of the Western Wall, popularly known as Robinson’s Arch, since Israel recognized their right to do so in 2000. In 2013, Naftali Bennett, in his capacity as Diaspora affairs minister, built a larger platform there as part of what he called an “interim” solution. Bennett last week said the platform would still be expanded and made more permanent.
Asked about this ongoing supposed desecration, Eisenstein said haredi opposition to the Western Wall deal was fundamentally about staving off state recognition of non-Orthodox Judaism. The Western Wall agreement also called for an interdenominational Jewish committee to oversee the non-Orthodox section, which haredi critics felt gave non-Orthodox movements an unprecedented say in Israel’s religious affairs.
The conversion bill was meant to head off this kind of recognition. It requires the government to only recognize for immigration purposes conversions in Israel overseen by the Chief Rabbinate. Although the bill would only affect the small number of foreigners who convert to Judaism in Israel each year, and not non-Orthodox conversions performed overseas, it would for the first time grant a degree of Knesset recognition to the Chief Rabbinate’s de facto monopoly on deciding who is a Jew.
From an Orthodox perspective, Jewishness is matrilineal and does not depend on observance. But non-Orthodox converts are not considered Jewish, and marrying any non-Jew is prohibited by Jewish law. While haredi Jews are more than capable of keeping track of Jewish bloodlines, Eisenstein said, most Israelis would be dangerously confused were the state to begin recognizing Reform and Conservative conversions.
“Jews living in Israel don’t want intermarriage. Haredim aren’t afraid of it because we won’t marry such people,” he said. “But secular Jews won’t be smart enough to differentiate them from real Jews, and they’ll intermarry. It’s a terrible thing.”
The non-Orthodox movements, for their part, say the crisis in Israel is not intermarriage but indifference. By controlling marriage, divorce and conversion, and promoting laws that limit commerce, transportation and entertainment on the Sabbath, the Chief Rabbinate has alienated the nearly half of Israelis who call themselves “secular.” Reform and Conservative Judaism, they argue, offer secular Israelis an alternative for exploring Judaism on their own terms.
Eisenstein, who chairs an international haredi rabbinical group that pushes for stricter conversion standards, said the Chief Rabbinate’s conversion authority was already not up to snuff. Since he worked there years ago, he said, it has been taken over by more lenient Orthodox rabbis from the religious Zionist movement.
“What you call haredi, I don’t call haredi,” he said. “I have a higher standard.”
